![]() Most of these gambling houses ran loan sharking businesses for clients, and they usually maintained their own security personnel. Many small gambling houses cropped up in abandoned temples or shrines at the edge of towns and villages all over Japan. This was a major step forward for the traders, as formerly only samurai and noblemen were allowed to carry swords.īakuto (gamblers) had a much lower social standing even than traders, as gambling was illegal. The Edo government eventually formally recognized such tekiya organizations and granted the oyabun (leaders) of tekiya a surname as well as permission to carry a sword-the wakizashi, or short samurai sword (the right to carry the katana, or full-sized samurai swords, remained the exclusive right of the nobility and samurai castes). ![]() Each peddler paid rent in exchange for a stall assignment and protection during the fair. During Shinto festivals, these peddlers opened stalls and some members were hired to act as security. As they began to form organizations of their own, they took over some administrative duties relating to commerce, such as stall allocation and protection of their commercial activities. "Tekiya" (peddlers) were considered one of the lowest social groups in Edo. Despite uncertainty about the single origin of yakuza organizations, most modern yakuza derive from two classifications which emerged in the mid- Edo period (1603–1868): tekiya, those who primarily peddled illicit, stolen or shoddy goods and bakuto, those who were involved in or participated in gambling.
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